THE INFLUENCE OF COCONUT FIBER AND COW DUNG RESIDUE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIQUETTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Abstract
Biomass residue plays an essential role in rural communities due to its abundance, affordability, and renewable nature. This study examined the influence of cow dung (KS) and coconut husk (SK) composition and particle size on briquette properties, including density, moisture, ash content, and calorific value. Briquettes were produced using three compositions (80KS20SK, 70KS30SK, and 50KS50SK) and two particle sizes (40 and 80 mesh) under a densification pressure of 10 MPa. The 70KS30SK briquette with 80 mesh particles showed the highest density (≈312.38 kg/m³) and the lowest moisture content (≈1.98%). Smaller particle size improved bonding and reduced pore formation, enhancing density. Meanwhile, the 50KS50SK mixture produced briquettes with higher calorific value (13.05–14.36 MJ/kg) and lower ash content (17.16–21.59%) than other samples, indicating that composition affects energy content and residue formation. However, the calorific value and ash content did not meet the SNI 1683:2021 standards. Overall, the results highlight the potential of cow dung–coconut husk briquettes as a sustainable waste-to-energy option for rural applications.
Downloads
References
E. I. Rhofita, R. Rachmat, M. Meyer, and L. Montastruc, “Mapping analysis of biomass residue valorization as the future green energy generation in Indonesia,” Journal of Cleaner Production, p. 131667, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131667.
E. I. Rhofita, R. Ouaret, L. Montastruc, and M. Meyer, “Mapping analysis of farmers’ perceptions of rice straw valorization in Indonesia,” Environmental Development, vol. 51, p. 101021, Sept. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101021.
R. Pokharel, R. K. Grala, D. L. Grebner, and S. C. Grado, “Factors affecting utilization of woody residues for bioenergy production in the southern United States,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 105, pp. 278–287, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.07.002.
T. S. Kapoor et al., “Reassessing the availability of crop residue as a bioenergy resource in India: A field-survey based study,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 341, p. 118055, Sept. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118055.
R. Rosales-Serna et al., “Biomass Densification to Improve Management Efficiency and to Obtain High Value Products in México,” Resources, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 48, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/resources13030048.
O. F. Obi, R. Pecenka, and M. J. Clifford, “A Review of Biomass Briquette Binders and Quality Parameters,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 2426, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15072426.
J. S. Tumuluru, C. T. Wright, J. R. Hess, and K. L. Kenney, “A review of biomass densification systems to develop uniform feedstock commodities for bioenergy application,” Biofuels Bioprod Bioref, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 683–707, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1002/bbb.324.
D. Racero-Galaraga, J. D. Rhenals-Julio, S. Sofan-German, J. M. Mendoza, and A. Bula-Silvera, “Proximate analysis in biomass: Standards, applications and key characteristics,” Results in Chemistry, vol. 12, p. 101886, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101886.
H. M. P. Marreiro, R. S. Peruchi, R. M. B. P. Lopes, S. L. F. Andersen, S. A. Eliziário, and P. Rotella Junior, “Empirical Studies on Biomass Briquette Production: A Literature Review,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 8320, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14248320.
S. Deb Majumder, A. Ghosh, and S. De, “Experimental Investigation of briquettes formed from various sources of biochar mixed with cow dung as alternate source of energy – A West Bengal study,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 7996–8001, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.721.
A. D. Susanti, Paryanto, and W. A. Wibowo, “Preparation of Cow Dung Bio-briquettes (CDBs) for Gassification Stoves as Renewable Energy Sources,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1364, p. 012012, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1364/1/012012.
S. R. Anggita, R. Fasha Devarasalya, I. Istikomah, and A. Bawono, “Utilization of LDPE Plastic Waste, Coconut Shell and Coconut Husk as Basic Material for Briquettes with Tapioca Starch Adhesive,” J. Ilmu Fis., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 81–90, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.25077/jif.15.2.81-90.2023.
Y. Sari and P. A. R. Yulis, “Briket Sabut Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam Lokal/Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Coir Briquettes as an Alternative Fuel Based on Local Natural Resources,” JFF, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 129, June 2023, doi: 10.20527/flux.v20i2.15337.
J. Yirijor and A. A. T. Bere, “Production and characterization of coconut shell charcoal-based bio-briquettes as an alternative energy source for rural communities,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 16, p. e35717, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35717.
D. L. Miller and M. Takase, “Preparation of composite biomass briquette from a mixture of domestic solid waste and coconut husk with cow dung as a binder,” Sept. 07, 2023, In Review. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3304294/v1.
G. Zhang, Y. Sun, and Y. Xu, “Review of briquette binders and briquetting mechanism,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 82, pp. 477–487, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.072.
N. E. Altun, C. Hicyilmaz, and M. V. Kök, “Effect of Different Binders on the Combustion Properties of Lignite Part I. Effect on thermal properties,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 787–795, Sept. 2001, doi: 10.1023/A:1011915829632.
O. F. Obi, R. Pecenka, and M. J. Clifford, “A Review of Biomass Briquette Binders and Quality Parameters,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 2426, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15072426.
Z. Miao, P. Zhang, M. Li, Y. Wan, and X. Meng, “Briquette preparation with biomass binder,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 9834–9844, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1682722.
Q. Qanitah, Y. D. F. Akbar, Z. Ulma, and Y. Hananto, “Peningkatan Kualitas Briket Ampas Kopi Menggunakan Perekat Kulit Jeruk Melalui Metode Torefaksi Terbaik,” jesty, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 32–43, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.47134/jesty.v1i1.3.
J. Abineno, J. Dethan, F. J. Haba Bunga, and E. Haba Bunga, “Characterization and performance analysis of Kesambi branch biomass briquettes: A study on particle size effects,” J. Ecol. Eng., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 213–222, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.12911/22998993/195643.
A. A. H. Saeed et al., “Moisture Content Impact on Properties of Briquette Produced from Rice Husk Waste,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 3069, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.3390/su13063069.
S. A. Ndindeng et al., “Quality optimization in briquettes made from rice milling by-products,” Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 29, pp. 24–31, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2015.09.003.
M. Ngangyo Heya et al., “Physicochemical Characteristics of Biofuel Briquettes Made from Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Pericarp Wastes of Different Particle Sizes,” Molecules, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 1035, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/molecules27031035.
H. A. Ajimotokan, S. E. Ibitoye, J. K. Odusote, O. A. Adesoye, and P. O. Omoniyi, “Physico-mechanical Properties of Composite Briquettes from Corncob and Rice Husk,” Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 159–165, Aug. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.12162/jbb.v4i3.004.
E. F. Aransiola, T. F. Oyewusi, J. A. Osunbitan, and L. A. O. Ogunjimi, “Effect of binder type, binder concentration and compacting pressure on some physical properties of carbonized corncob briquette,” Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp. 909–918, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.07.011.
T. Kebede, D. T. Berhe, and Y. Zergaw, “Combustion Characteristics of Briquette Fuel Produced from Biomass Residues and Binding Materials,” Journal of Energy, vol. 2022, pp. 1–10, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/4222205.
A. Fatmawati, T. Nurtono, and A. Widjaja, “Thermogravimetric kinetic-based computation of raw and pretreated coconut husk powder lignocellulosic composition,” Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 22, p. 101500, June 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2023.101500.
T. R. Harrison, V. K. Gupta, P. Alam, A. W. Perriman, F. Scarpa, and V. K. Thakur, “From trash to treasure: Sourcing high-value, sustainable cellulosic materials from living bioreactor waste streams,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 233, p. 123511, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123511.
P. P. Tun, C. B. Sah, S. S. Win, and K. Shrestha, “The Preparation and Characteristics of Briquettes From Coconut Husks as Renewable Source of Energy,” North American Academic Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 58–71, Mar. 2019.
E. B. Siki and O. R. Nahak. T.B., “Pengaruh Perbedaan Tekanan Pengepresan terhadap Kualitas Briket Arang Kotoran Sapi,” JA, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 41–43, July 2020, doi: 10.32938/ja.v5i3.975.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fithroni Ramadhani, Sarita Oktorina, Erry Ika Rhofita
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
