KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, MEKANIK, DAN THERMAL BIOKOMPOSIT PVA DIPERKUAT NANOSELULOSA SERAT WARU - SERBUK CaCO3
Abstrak
Biokomposit dari Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) merupakan material yang potensial untuk mengganti plastik konvensional, akan tetapi performa kekuatan mekanik dan ketahanan thermal masih rendah. Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan ini, penguat nanocellulose dari pohon waru (NCW) dan kalsium karbonat (CaCO₃) ditambahkan sebagai pengisi bioplastik PVA. Biokomposit dengan variasi pengisi dicampurkan menggunakan magnetic stirrer hingga membentuk gel, kemudian dituangkan di atas kaca dan dikeringkan di dalam oven selama 12 jam pada suhu 60 °C. Hasil pengukuran densitas biokomposit menunjukkan peningkatan menjadi 2,15 g/cm3 dan ketebalan sebesar 1,32 mm setelah ditambahkan CaCO3. Sedangkan PVA-NCW densitas dan ketebalan masing-masing sebesar 1,27 g/cm3 dan 0,26 mm berturut-turut. Hal ini mengindikasikan sebagai faktor utama dalam meningkatkan kekuatan tarik biokomposit. Pengisi NCW dan CaCO3 memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan kekuatan tarik biokomposit melalui ikatan permukaan yang lebih baik. Selain ikatan antar muka PVA dan pengisi, ikatan secara kimia juga telah dikonfirmasi dari hasil pengujian FTIR. Pengamatan dengan SEM menunjukkan adanya gumpalan dari NCW dan CaCO3. Sejalan dengan pengujian tarik, ketahanan thermal tertinggi juga dimiliki oleh sampel PVA-CaCO3. Hal ini sejalan dengan jumlah residu yang dihasilkan sampel PVA-CaCO3 sebesar 6,38%. Biokomposit yang ditelah dikembangkan menawarkan potensi yang sangat besar sebagai pengganti plastik konvensional.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Referensi
F. Gapsari, C. W. Kartikowati, K. A. Madurani, A. Harmayanti, and A. M. Sulaiman, “Enhanced PVA-bioplastic membranes with nanocellulose and hydroxyapatite derived from blood clam shells,” Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag, vol. 23, p. 101035, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.enmm.2024.101035.
F. Gapsari, A. Purnowidodo, S. Hidayatullah, and S. Suteja, “Characterization of Timoho Fiber as a reinforcement in green composite,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 13, pp. 1305–1315, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.049.
G. Sobhiga, H. J. Maria, M. Mozetič, and S. Thomas, “A review on green materials: Exploring the potential of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and nanocellulose composites,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 283, p. 137176, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137176.
M. Teodorescu, M. Bercea, and S. Morariu, “Biomaterials of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Natural Polymers,” Polymer Reviews, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 247–287, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1403928.
F. Liu et al., “Improved hydrophobicity, antibacterial and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/quaternary chitosan composite films for antibacterial packaging,” Carbohydr Polym, vol. 312, p. 120755, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120755.
R. Şomoghi et al., “The Impact of ZnO Nanofillers on the Mechanical and Anti-Corrosion Performances of Epoxy Composites,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 16, no. 14, p. 2054, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.3390/polym16142054.
M. Dell’Edera et al., “Photocatalytic TiO2-based coatings for environmental applications,” Catal Today, vol. 380, pp. 62–83, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.04.023.
A. Muthupandeeswari, P. Kalyani, and P. Vickraman, “Evaluation of vital features of PVA–CaCO3 nanocomposite films for biodegradable packaging applications,” Polymer Bulletin, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 65–85, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s00289-020-03492-x.
S. Padinhattayil and K. S. Rai, “PVA/GO-ZnO hybrid nanocomposites: Synthesis, Analysis and Applications,” Indian J Sci Technol, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 1982–1992, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.17485/IJST/v14i23.236.
A. Bozdoğan, B. Aksakal, and O. Yargi, “Film formation and mechanical properties of an opaque titanium dioxide and transparent polyvinyl alcohol composite films,” Polym Compos, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 939–950, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1002/pc.25425.
K. Diharjo, F. Gapsari, A. Andoko, R. Septiari, S. M. Rangappa, and S. Siengchin, “Optimization of nano cellulose extraction from timoho fiber using response surface methodology (RSM),” Biomass Convers Biorefin, vol. 14, no. 20, pp. 25557–25567, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13399-023-04551-9.
M. Mahardika, M. Asrofi, D. Amelia, E. Syafri, S. Mavinkere Rangappa, and S. Siengchin, “Tensile Strength and Moisture Resistance Properties of Biocomposite Films Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with Cellulose as Reinforcement from Durian Peel Fibers,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 302, p. 02001, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202130202001.
E. A. Rahim et al., “Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Polivinil Alkohol (PVA) Terlapis Polieugenol,” KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 69–76, May 2024, doi: 10.22487/kovalen.2024.v10.i1.17088.
W. A. Wirawan, M. A. Choiron, E. Siswanto, and T. D. Widodo, “Morphology, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of New Natural Cellulose Fiber Reinforcement from Waru (Hibiscus Tiliaceus) Bark,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 19, no. 15, pp. 12385–12397, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2060402.
S. Sugiman, S. Salman, and B. Anshari, “Hydrothermal ageing of hydrophobic nano-calcium carbonate/epoxy nanocomposites,” Polym Degrad Stab, vol. 191, p. 109671, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109671.
E. Pinto et al., “Cellulose processing from biomass and its derivatization into carboxymethylcellulose: A review,” Sci Afr, vol. 15, p. e01078, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01078.
F. Gapsari, A. Andoko, K. Diharjo, M. R. Sanjay, and S. Siengchin, “The effectiveness of isolation and characterization nanocelullose from Timoho fiber for sustainable materials,” Biomass Convers Biorefin, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 16487–16497, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13399-022-03672-x.
M. N. Schoeler et al., “Cellulose Nanofibers From Cassava Agro-Industrial Waste As Reinforcement in PVA Films,” Quim Nova, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 711–717, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.21577/0100-4042.20170542.
F. Gapsari et al., “Properties of organic and inorganic filler hybridization on Timoho Fiber‐reinforced polyester polymer composites,” Polym Compos, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 1147–1156, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1002/pc.26443.
A. Ramezani Kakroodi, S. Cheng, M. Sain, and A. Asiri, “Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Cellulose Nanofiber from Aloe vera Rind,” J Nanomater, vol. 2014, no. 1, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/903498.
G. M. Cholant et al., “Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Reinforced with Nanocellulose from Rice Husk,” Macromol, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 6, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.3390/macromol5010006.
A. Andoko, F. Gapsari, K. Diharjo, S. M R, and S. Siengchin, “Isolation of microcellulose from timoho fiber using the process of delinigfication and maceration: Evaluation of physical, chemical, structural, and thermal properties,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 224, pp. 48–54, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.225.
A. Andoko, K. Diharjo, J. W. Soedarsono, F. Gapsari, S. M. Rangappa, and S. Siengchin, “Influence of various chemical treatments on mechanical, thermal and morphological characteristics of Cordia dichotoma fiber,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 10, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100972.
M. F. Hi. Abbas et al., “Investigasi Sifat Mekanik Model Biodegradable Stent Berbasis Bahan PLLA,” Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 229–243, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.20527/sjmekinematika.v9i2.327.
T. Aundry and A. Munang, “Analisis Kekuatan Mekanik Komposit Limbah Plastik Recycle Single Use dan Serbuk Kayu,” Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 66–74, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.20527/sjmekinematika.v9i1.302.
H. Abral et al., “Highly transparent and antimicrobial PVA based bionanocomposites reinforced by ginger nanofiber,” Polym Test, vol. 81, p. 106186, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106186.
S. Suganthi, S. Vignesh, J. Kalyana Sundar, and V. Raj, “Fabrication of PVA polymer films with improved antibacterial activity by fine-tuning via organic acids for food packaging applications,” Appl Water Sci, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 100, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s13201-020-1162-y.
A. K. Patel, R. Bajpai, and J. M. Keller, “On the crystallinity of PVA/palm leaf biocomposite using DSC and XRD techniques,” Microsystem Technologies, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41–49, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s00542-013-1882-0.
M. K. Erdoğan, M. Karakışla, and M. Saçak, “Preparation and characterization of electrically semi-conductive polyfuran-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers,” The Journal of The Textile Institute, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 282–288, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1080/00405000.2018.1477487.
A. Andoko, F. Gapsari, K. Diharjo, S. M R, and S. Siengchin, “Isolation of microcellulose from timoho fiber using the process of delinigfication and maceration: Evaluation of physical, chemical, structural, and thermal properties,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 224, pp. 48–54, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.225.
Suteja et al., “Enhancing the performance of natural fiber composites: Integrating Walikukun fiber and aluminum filler in epoxy matrices,” React Funct Polym, vol. 214, p. 106302, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106302.
F. Gapsari et al., “Modification of palm fiber with chitosan-AESO blend coating,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 242, p. 125099, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125099.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc-sa4.footer##
